ZOONOSIS & FOODBORNE DISEASE

Zoonosis is diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans and vice versa is a new threat to human life in the world. Various facts have shown that the zoonosis potential harm far greater than if the loss due to war. Zoonosis in the development of the last few years, a sign will be the presence of a death threat for mankind. If not be a comprehensive change in the pattern zoonosis can continue to appear and spread across the boundaries. This situation makes the world become more concerned.

Zoonosis is divided 2 kind as "emerging and re-emerging diseases."

'Emerging zoonoses' disease is a a new zoonosis appears, can occur anywhere in the world, and its impact potential to become so severe.

While the 're-emerging zoonoses' disease is a zoonosis that has emerged in the past, but will show marked increased again at this time.

Emerging zoonoses' arose in the last 20 years are :

1. Ebola virus, are characterized by transmission from an unknown host (possibly bats) to humans or nonhuman primates, dog

2. bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) – Bovine

3. Nipah virus - detected in pigs, other domestic and wild animals.

4. rift valley fever (RVF), affects domestic animals (such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels) and humans.

5. alveolar echinococcosis, found in foxes, coyotes, dogs, and cats

6. severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) the etiology is unknown, community transmission of SARS: People who come from the People's Republic of China (China's major countries and Hong Kong); Hanoi, Vietnam, and Singapore.

7. monkeypox , cacar monyet

8. highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) / flu burung – birds/unggas

9. hantavirus pulmonary síndrome – through tifus/rodentia

10. West Nile fever (di Amerika Serikat), lyme disease, the birds, especially wild birds that are not in a closed cage

11. haemolytic uremic syndrome (Escherichiacoli serotipe O157:H7) , normally E. coli located in both the human alimentary tract and animals, but the E. coli O157 H: 7 is virulen strain that originated from animals and cattle sheep.

12. Hendra virus which is passed on by horses

Occurrence of the 're-emerging zoonoses' triggered by climate, habitat, population density factors that affect the employer, pathogenic or vectors. Often cause natural increase and decrease disease activity in a geographic area and during various periods of time.

Diseases included in the 're-emerging zoonoses' are :

1. rabies vectors that have a role in disease transmission is a dog, and wild animals such as monkeys, bats and so forth.

2. infeksi virus Lyssa, on dogs, cats, and a contagious animal

3. rift valley fever (RVF)

4. virus Marburg from Primate origin of animals from Africa

5. bovine tuberculosis, is a chronic bacterial disease of cattle that occasionally affects other species of mammals. This disease is a significant zoonosis that can spread to humans, typically by the inhalation of aerosols or the ingestion of unpasteurized milk.

6. brucella sp pada satwa liar / tularemia, is highly virulent for humans and domestic rabbits

7. plaque

8. leptospirosis, on rodents

.

Zoonosis Diseases in Indonesia

1. rabies
2. ántrax, on herbivora-herbivora the wild, animals herbivora especially cattle, sheep, goats, and always ended in death. Next target horses and pigs. Omnivora this group of animals can survive so that more patients survived in part from the death. The attack on the chicken, there has never been a report. Based on the research for this has been done, in humans, reported the mortality rate reached 18 percent (from 100 cases, 18 patients died).

3. avian influenza, prevention - must kept birds with food and pens clean, kept sanitation and hygienical
4. salmonellosis , caused by tired, the food is not healthy, so easy to attack Salmonella bacteria. Most persons infected with salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal cramps; 12 to 72 hours after infection. In most cases, the illness lasts 3 to 7 days; most affected persons recover without treatment

5. brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unsterilized milk or meat from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions.
6. schistosomiasis, which are released by freshwater snails, penetrate the skin of people in the water.
7. cysticercosis/taeniasis, The adult worm lives in the intestine of humans. These humans shed the proglottids containing the eggs in their faeces.
8. tuberculosis, Like the common cold, it spreads through the air. Only people who are sick with TB in their lungs are infectious. When infectious people cough, sneeze, talk or spit, they propel TB germs, known as bacilli, into the air. A person needs only to inhale a small number of these to be infected.
9. leptospirosis,
10. toxoplasmosis, The parasite infects most genera of warm-blooded animals, including humans, but the primary host is the felid (cat) family.
11. Japanese encephalitis, Babi - Japanese Encephalitis (JE) through mosquito vector
12. streptococosis/staphylococosis, dan
13. clostridium (tetanus).

FOOD BORNE DISEASE

According to a report from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that states that more than 250 Foodborne Disease (a disease transmitted through food). Most diseases are infeksius caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and prion that can be transferred through food and not a few of them are Foodborne zoonosis (animal disease that is transmitted to humans through food).

Zoonosis diseases associated with food security (food borne disease) in Indonesia are camphylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, shigella, Yersinia, verocyto toxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC), and listeriosis. Zoonosis diseases exotic to Indonesian is bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), nipah / Hendra virus, ebola, and rift valley fever (RVF).

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Tips For Choosing Pet Animal

To decorate our daily lives for not saturate by routines, we often keep the pet animals even this can become a hobby. But there is also a desire to be right only because the trend is affected by the environment around the house or after the association so that there is often maintain flatness of the road because the animal does not patient this devotion. Even pet animals is also often sick and die eventually, this is due to be pitied than humanitarian reasons because the animals are also favored this price is not cheap.

Pet Animals that can be selected that is diverse Dogs, Cats, Rabbit, Bird, Fish, Chicken tub, Turtles, snake and other reptile, Hamster, shrimp etc.

So that we do not keep a pet animals because follow-later and then finally become useless then there are some things that must be observed:

1. Selecting animal appropriate our interest so that we can maintain and can be pleased with the love sincere
2. Selecting animal a suitable with our financial condition, this is very important than the price of the animals that we select are also associated with the maintenance (equipment like pens, feed, veterinary and medicine, etc.)
3. We choose the pet animals adapted to our lifestyle. If we are very busy people who do not maintain recommended pet animals that need extra time like cat races and dog races. Unless we have assistants to do the treatment. Local dog and cat, turtles , bird and hamster might be options.
4. We must understand the correct ways of keeping pet animals that we choose, especially the ways to understand the basic, such as = including social animals (stray) animals or soliter (must be in pens), type of feed and suplemen, toilet training, how to marry and have children, how to clean the cage and animals, this animal interaction with humans and other animals, and others.
5. We must understand the purpose of maintaining our pet animals, just as a hobby or business, in general, this is running together. If it means for business should really be to select winning seeds that can be next winning seeds.
6. We must understand the types of diseases in pet animals, especially the common disease that often affects how we understand the prevention and handling terapinya.
7. We must also understand the types of animal diseases that can spread to humans (zoonosis) especially those related to the pet animals that we will choose so that we understand the steps and prevent the disease when handling this case.
   

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Toxoplasmosis

A. What’s Toxoplasmosis???

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. The parasite infects most genera of warm-blooded animals, including humans, but the primary host is the felid (cat) family. Animals are infected by eating infected meat, by ingestion of faeces of a cat that has itself recently been infected, or by transmission from mother to fetus. Cats have been shown as a major reservoir of this infection.

Up to one third of the world's population is estimated to carry a Toxoplasma infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that overall seroprevalence in the United States as determined with specimens collected by the National Health and Nutritional Assessment Survey (NHANES) between 1999 and 2004 was found to be 10.8%, with seroprevalence among women of childbearing age (15 to 44 years) of 11%.

During the first few weeks, the infection typically causes a mild flu-like illness or no illness. After the first few weeks of infection have passed, the parasite rarely causes any symptoms in otherwise healthy adults. However, people with a weakened immune system, such as those infected with HIV or pregnant, may become seriously ill, and it can occasionally be fatal. The parasite can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and neurologic diseases and can affect the heart, liver, and eyes (chorioretinitis).

B. Infection has two stages ???

1. Acute toxoplasmosis
   During acute toxoplasmosis, symptoms are often influenza-like: swollen lymph nodes, or muscle aches and pains that last for a month or more. Rarely, a patient with a fully functioning immune system may develop eye damage from toxoplasmosis. Young children and immunocompromised patients, such as those with HIV/AIDS, those taking certain types of chemotherapy, or those who have recently received an organ transplant, may develop severe toxoplasmosis. This can cause damage to the brain or the eyes. Only a small percentage of infected newborn babies have serious eye or brain damage at birth.
2. Latent toxoplasmosis
   Most patients who become infected with Toxoplasma gondii and develop toxoplasmosis do not know it. In most immunocompetent patients, the infection enters a latent phase, during which only bradyzoites are present, forming cysts in nervous and muscle tissue. Most infants who are infected while in the womb have no symptoms at birth but may develop symptoms later in life.

C. Diagnosis

Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in human blood samples may be achieved by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Inactive cysts may exist in a host which would evade detection.

D. Prevention

Prevention toxoplasmosis most important for women and children :

1. If you have pet animals specially cat so you must :

• kept their health and go to veterinarian if they are illness soon.
• don’t give pets raw food (meat and fish must cooked) and don’t give pets chance for get mouse or other animal for food
• discard pet’s faeces to far place from home and covered land
• use gloves when you handling pets
• You must washing your hand after touch pets.

2. Don’t eat raw food (specially meat and fish must cooked)

3. clean fruits and vegetables before cooked or eat

4. clean your hand and kitchen tools specially knife after cut meat or fish with soap

5. don’t drink milk unpasteurized or not yet cooked

6. use gloves before clean waste and gardening

7. check up to doctor before planning pregnant to know since the beginning of the possibility of toxoplasmosis affected so easily for treatment

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